•  Unpaid balances as of July 22, 1998; and 
•  Liabilities arising after July 22, 1998

For claims where a preliminary determination was issued prior to April 1, 2003, the nonrequesting spouse had no appeal rights when the preliminary determination letter granted relief in part or in full to the requesting spouse.    If relief was denied and the requesting spouse petitioned the U.S. Tax Court, the nonrequesting spouse, by law, was given the opportunity to be a party in that proceeding.

Q6. Will the other spouse be notified that I filed a claim for innocent spouse relief?
A6. The IRS is required to notify the nonrequesting spouse to allow them to participate. They will also be notified of the determination on your election and have the opportunity to appeal IRS’s preliminary determination to grant you full or partial relief.

Q7. What are the rules for Innocent Spouse Relief?
A7. To qualify for innocent spouse relief, you must meet all of the following conditions:

• You must have filed a joint return which has an understatement of tax;
• The understatement of tax must be due to erroneous items of your spouse;
• You must establish that at the time you signed the joint return, you did not know, and had no reason to know, that there was an understatement of tax;
• Taking into account all of the facts and circumstances, it would be unfair to hold you liable for the understatement of tax; and
• You must request relief within 2 years after the date on which the IRS first began collection activity against you after July 22, 1998

Q8. What are erroneous items?
A8. Erroneous items are any deductions, credits, or bases incorrectly stated on the return, and any income not reported on the return.

Q9. What is an understatement of tax?
A9. An understatement of tax is generally the difference between the total amount of tax that should have been shown on your return and the amount of tax that was actually shown on your return. For example, you reported total tax on your 1996 return of $2,500. IRS determined in an audit of your 1996 return that the total tax should be $3,000. You have a $500 understatement of tax.

Q10. Will I qualify for innocent spouse relief in any situation where there is an understatement of tax?
A10. No. There are many situations in which you may owe tax that is related to your spouse, but not be eligible for innocent spouse relief. For example, you and your spouse file a joint return that reports $10,000 of income and deductions, but you knew or had reason to know that your spouse was not reporting $5,000 of dividends. You are not eligible for innocent spouse relief when you have knowledge or reason to know of the understatement.

Q11. What are the rules for Separation of Liability?
A11. Under this type of relief, you divide (separate) the understatement of tax (plus interest and penalties) on your joint return between you and your spouse. The understatement of tax allocated to you is generally the amount of income and deductions attributable to your earnings and assets. To qualify for separate liability, you must have filed a joint return and meet either of the following requirements at the time you file Form 8857:

• You are no longer married to, or are legally separated from, the spouse with whom you filed the joint return for which you are requesting relief. (Under this rule, you are no longer married if you are widowed.)
• You were not a member of the same household as the spouse with whom you filed the joint return at any time during the 12 month period ending on the date you file Form 8857.

Q12. Why would a request for separate liability be denied?
A12. Even if you meet the requirements listed above, a request for separate liability will not be granted in the following situations:
 

• The IRS proves that you and your spouse transferred assets for the main purpose of avoiding payment of tax.
• The IRS proves that at the time you signed your joint return, you had actual knowledge that any items giving rise to the deficiency and allocable to your spouse were incorrect.

Q13. If a husband and wife are still married but separated for 12 months, prior to filing a claim for relief due to an involuntary reason such as incarceration or military duty, can separation of liability relief be granted?
A13. Separation of liability applies to taxpayers who are (1) no longer married,  (2) legally separated, or  (3) living apart for the 12 months prior to the filing of a claim. Under this rule, you are no longer married if you are widowed.

Living apart does not include a spouse who is temporarily absent from the household.  A temporary absence exists if it is reasonable to assume that the absent spouse will return to the household, or a substantially equivalent household is maintained in anticipation of such a return.  A temporary absence may include absence due to incarceration, illness, business, vacation, military service, or education.

A claim can be filed if any of the three statutory requirements are met.

Q14. What are the rules for Equitable Relief?
A14. Equitable relief is only available if you meet all of the following conditions:

• You do not qualify for innocent spouse relief or the separation of liability election.
• The IRS determines that it is unfair to hold you liable for the understatement of tax taking into account all the facts and circumstances.
• Note: unlike innocent spouse relief or separation of liability, if you qualify for equitable relief, you can get relief from an understatement of tax or an underpayment of tax. (An underpayment of tax is an amount properly shown on the return, but not paid.)

Q15. What Factors are considered in determining whether or not to grant equitable relief?
A15. The following factors may be considered, but the list is not all-inclusive:

• Current marital status
• Abuse experienced during the marriage
• Reasonable belief of the requesting spouse, at the time he or she signed the return, that the tax was going to be paid; or in the case of an understatement, whether the requesting spouse had knowledge or reason to know of the understatement
• Current financial hardship/inability to pay basic living expenses
• Spouses' legal obligation to pay the tax liability pursuant to a divorce decree or agreement to pay the liability
• To whom the liability is attributable
• Significant benefit received by the requesting spouse
• Mental or physical health of the requesting spouse on the date the requesting spouse signed the return or at the time the requesting spouse requested the relief
• Compliance with income tax laws following the taxable year or years to which the request for relief relates

Q16. How do state community property laws affect my ability to qualify for relief?
A16. Community property states are Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. Generally, community property laws require you to allocate community income and expenses equally between both spouses. However, community property laws are not taken into account in determining whether an item belongs to you or your spouse (or former spouse) for purposes of requesting any relief from liability.

Q17. How do I request relief?
A17. File Form 8857, Request for Innocent Spouse Relief, to ask the IRS for relief. You need not file multiple forms. One form can cover multiple years.

Q18. Should I include a letter when filing Form 8857?
A18. Attach Form 12510, Questionnaire for Requesting Spouse that can be found @ http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f12510.pdf.  You may include a letter and any other information you would like IRS to consider.

Q19. If I am denied innocent spouse relief, must I reapply if I believe I might qualify under one of the other two provisions?
A19. No. The IRS automatically will consider whether any of the other provisions would apply.  If you requested equitable relief, but should have requested innocent spouse relief or separation of liability, you will be contacted by IRS to explain the process to be considered for innocent spouse relief or separation of liability. 

If you requested innocent spouse relief or separation of liability , IRS will automatically consider equitable relief

The only time you can reapply for relief is if you were denied relief because you were considered still married at the time the request for relief was filed and you now satisfy the marital status requirements to elect to separate the liability   See the answer to the question 13 “If a husband and wife are still married but separated for 12 months, prior to filing a claim for relief due to an involuntary reason such as incarceration or military duty, can separation of liability relief be granted?” above, for more information on satisfying the marital status requirement.

Q20. Will the IRS deny me relief if I do not provide them with the information they request?
A20. IRS will base their decision upon all the information available to them. If enough information is not available, it could adversely affect a request for relief.

Q21. I filed a Form 656, Offer in Compromise, under doubt as to liability. The IRS accepted the Offer in Compromise. Can I still apply for innocent spouse relief?
A21. No. We cannot consider your claim for any year in which an Offer in Compromise was accepted. Acceptance of an Offer in Compromise conclusively closes the tax year(s) compromised from any re-determination of the tax liability.

Q22. I signed a Closing Agreement, can I still apply for innocent spouse relief?
A22. It depends on the type of closing agreement you signed.

• If you signed Form 866, Agreement as to Final Determination of the Tax Liability, the tax year is closed with finality and you cannot apply for innocent spouse relief.
• If you signed Form 906, Closing Agreement on Final Determination Covering Specific Matters, only those matters covered in the closing agreement are conclusively closed. Innocent spouse relief may be requested for matters for covered in the closing agreement.
  Note:  If the closing agreement involved TEFRA issues refer to Treas. Reg. 1.6015-1(c) for exceptions to this rule.

Q23. When should I file Form 8857?
A23. A claim must be filed within two years of the first collection activity against you.  See the answer to the question 26 “What constitutes a collection activity for purposes of starting the two-year statute of limitations the cover the filing of Form 8857?” below.

Q24. I am currently undergoing an examination of my return. How do I request innocent spouse relief?
A24. File Form 8857 with the employee assigned to examine your return.

Q25. What if the IRS has levied my account for the tax liability and I decide to request relief?
A25. Upon receipt of your request for relief all collection activity against you will be suspended unless the liability is in jeopardy or the statute of limitation on collection will expire shortly.

Q26. What constitutes a collection activity for purposes of starting the two-year statute of limitations the cover the filing of Form 8857?
A26. The following are examples of  collection activity: when the IRS (1) sends a notice under section 6330 of the Service’s intent to levy and of the taxpayer’s right to a collection due process (CDP) hearing, (2) offsets a refund from another tax year, or (3) files a judicial suit or claim that puts the requesting spouse on notice the IRS intends to collect the joint tax liability from specific property belonging to that spouse.  For further information on collection activity, see Treas. Reg. § 1.6015-5(b)(2).

Q27. I filed a valid joint return with my spouse and have an installment agreement to pay the taxes. Can I still apply for relief?
A27. The innocent spouse rules may apply in your situation. However, regarding the installment agreement, there are some important considerations:

• If you do not continue to make payments while we consider your request for relief, your installment agreement will default and full payment will be due immediately if your request for relief is denied.
• For further guidance on refunds, see question and answer 32.

Q28. What is injured spouse relief?
A28. Injured spouse relief is different from innocent spouse relief. When a joint return is filed and the refund is used to pay one spouse's past-due child and/or spousal support, a past-due federal debt, or past-due state income tax, the other spouse may be considered an injured spouse. The injured spouse can claim his/her share of the refund using Form 8379, Injured Spouse Claim and Allocation. To be considered an injured spouse, you must have:

• filed a joint return;
• received income (such as wages, interest, etc.);
• made tax payments (such as withholding or estimated tax payments);
• reported the income and tax payments on the joint return; and
• an overpayment, all or part of which was applied to the past-due amount of the other spouse.

Q29. How can I get more information about innocent spouse relief?
A29. Call the IRS Tax Forms line at 1-800-829-3676 and request Form 8857 and Publication 971, Innocent Spouse Relief (and other relief for joint filers) or you may request them online @ http://www.irs.gov/

Q30. My spouse forged my signature to a joint return. Am I eligible for innocent spouse relief? Should I file Form 8857?
A30. You may be eligible for relief, but relief does not fall under the innocent spouse rules. If you can establish your signature was forged, and there was not tacit (implied) consent, the joint election is invalid and you will only be liable for your separate tax liability.

Q31. What is the meaning of "economic hardship" for purposes of equitable relief of an underpayment of tax liability shown on a tax return?
A31. "Economic hardship" means that you are unable to pay your basic living expenses, e.g. food, clothing, housing, utilities, medical expenses (including health insurance), transportation, child care, child support, etc..

Q32. Will I receive a refund of all amounts I paid, if relief is granted?
A32. It depends upon the provision under which relief is granted.

• If innocent spouse relief is granted under section 6015(b), refunds are allowable for amounts paid on or after July 22, 1998.
• If separation of liability is granted under section 6015(c), no refunds are allowable.
• If equitable relief is granted under section 6015(f), refunds may be allowed depending on whether it is for an understatement or an underpayment case.  The requesting spouse must establish that he or she provided the funds used to make the payment for which he or she seeks a refund.

Understatements - Refunds are allowed for installment agreement (if not defaulted) payments made after the request for relief is filed.

Underpayments - Refunds are allowed for payments made after 7-22-98 unless the payments were made jointly with the nonrequesting spouse, payments were made with the return or payments were made by the nonrequesting spouse.

Note:  all refunds are subject to Internal Revenue Code section 6511.  This code section only allows refunds for payments made within 2 years after the tax was paid or 3 years after the return was filed whichever is later.